1,"see 3D and conformal radiation therapy"
2,"A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. (CNet) See conformal radiation therapy."
3,"usually known merely as dihydrotestosterone or DHT"
4,"an enzyme which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) that stimulates the growth of the prostate gland. May be spelled with out without the hyphens and other forms."
5,"androgen ablation therapy/treatment. See hormone therapy"
6,"antiandrogen withdrawal response"
7,"brand name for an LHRH antagonist which suppresses testosterone production. Some say it is similar to Lupron."
8,"(AB-do-men): The part of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. (CNet)"
9,"basically a salt (WordNet)"
10,"of or pertaining to the kidneys or near to them. See adrenal gland."
11,"the outer portion of the adrenal gland; it secretes various hormones. (Harcourt)"
12,"Either one of the two flattened glands situated above each kidney, consisting of a cortex (outer wall) that secretes important hormones and a medulla (inner part) that secretes adrenalin. Some testosterone is produce by the adrenal gland. (Harcourt)"
13,"the surgical removal of an adrenal gland. (Harcourt)"
14,"A hormone produced inside the adrenal gland that increases the heartbeat, blood pressure, and other bodily functions."
15,"androgen deprivation therapy; see hormone therapy"
16,"a drug that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. (CNet) Compare to antagonist"
17,"androgen-independent prostate cancer; when the PCa progresses despite antiandrogen treatment."
18,"American Joint Committee on Cancer"
19,"A drug that affects bone metabolism. It is used in treating osteoporosis and is being studied in the treatment of hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and in treating and reducing the risk of bone pain caused by cancer. (CNet) Active ingredient in Fosomax"
20,"an enzyme which can be used to determine the health of the liver and if the cancer has spread to the bone or liver."
21,"see alpha-blocker(Harcourt)"
22,"a cell site that responds to adrenaline or adrenaline-like substances, causing various physiological changes including pupil dilation, increased vascular resistance, and heightened muscle activity. (Harcourt)"
23,"a prostaglandin derivative that relaxes the smooth muscles of the penis, enhancing blood flow. When injected into the penis, it can produce an erection in most cases. First produced as Caverject by Upjohn in 1995."
24,"Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes such practices as dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. Also known as complementary medicine. (CNet)"
25,"The organization that has been working with the TNM Committee of the International Union Against Cancer (IUAC) to revised and update the TNM system of grading for 47 anatomical sites. See "Professional Organizations" at the Resources Page."
26,"See cyproterone"
27,"See hormone therapy."
28,"a treatment where the body is deprived of androgens that, e.g., feed the prostate gland; see antiandrogen, hormone therapy"
29,"when the PCa progresses despite antiandrogen treatment."
30,"(a-NEE-mee-a): A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal. (CNet)"
31,"(an-gee-o-GEN-eh-sis) Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of a chemical by the tumor cells. (CNet)"
32,"A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid tumor. (CNet) These are still being tested."
33,"describing genetic or hormonal conditions producing male characteristics"
34,"a substance that tends to nullify the action of another, as a drug that binds to a cell receptor without eliciting a biological response, thus blocking it. Compare to agonist. See antiandrogen and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone"
35,"a compound (usually a synthetic pharmaceutical) which blocks or otherwise interferes with the normal action of androgens by blocking the androgen receptor sites in target organ cells; examples are flutamide, cyproterone and nilutamide; a hormone antagonist. See hormone therapy."
36,"occurs when a response sought when it is believed the PCa cells have mutated to feed on the antiandrogen rather than testosterone and DHT by withdrawing the antiandrogen; the intended "response" is the killing of those mutated cells"
37,"Plural: antibodies. A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. (CNet)"
38,"Any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies, proteins that fight the antigens. Antigens are often foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses that invade the body."
39,"a substance that inhibits oxidation or reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides. Antioxidant nutrients protect human cells from damage caused by "free radicals": highly reactive oxygen compounds."
40,"the opening through which solid excrement leaves the body. See diagram of the male reproductive system."
41,"alkaline phosphatase; an enzyme which can be used to determine the health of the liver and if the cancer has spread to the bone or liver."
42,"Natural cell death as signaled by the nuclei in normally functioning human cells, e.g., skin cells die and fall off. Cancerous cells avoid this natural cell death process. May also be called necrobiosis."
43,"(as-per-AY-shun) Removal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst, with a needle and a syringe. (CNet) See biopsy."
44,"without obvious signs or symptoms of disease; when cancer is in its early stages it may be asymptomatic, that is, develop and grow without symptoms"
45,"A variable that is measured, observed, or assessed on a patient at or shortly before treatment assignment and the initiation of treatment. May be called "baseline characteristic.""
46,"PSA level before treatment. Also called "base PSA." See baseline."
47,"not cancerous; not malignant; not potentially fatal; relatively harmless"
48,"a non-cancerous (benign) condition in which the prostate grows and pushes against the urethra and the bladder blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. (CNet) (See diagram.) With hyperplasia, there is an abnormal multiplication of the non-malignant prostate cells. With hypertrophy it is because of an increase in the size of the constituent cells and causes the same symptoms, such as the frequent need to urinate at night. In both BPHs there may be an above normal PSA reading."
49,"a nonsteroidal antiandrogen. A US brand name is Casodex."
50,"both sides; for example, a bilateral orchiectomy is an orchiectomy in which both testicles are removed and a bilateral adrenalectomy is an operation in which both adrenal glands are removed"
51,"usually refers to a mixture of papaverine and phentolamine that is injected into the penis to cause an erection."
52,"biopsy (BY-ahp-see) A procedure used to remove cells or tissues in order to look at them under a microscope to check for signs of disease. When an entire tumor or lesion is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. (CNet) Abbreviated Bx."
53,"The organ that stores urine. (CNet) See diagram."
54,"Also called tomography"
55,"The soft, spongy tissue found in the centre of most large bones that produces the cellularcomponents of blood: white cells, red cells and platelets. It is also the most radiationsensitive tissue of the body. (OMD)"
56,"A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner."
57,"benign prostatic hyperplasia or hypertrophy"
58,"baseline PSA, the PSA count prior to treatment."
59,"brachytherapy"
60,"treatment with radiation in which the radioactive source is close to the body area being treated; it may be implanted, in physical contact, or located a short distance away. (Harcourt) See seeding."
61,"bone scan"
62,"abbreviation for biopsy"
63,"complete androgen blockade; see hormone therapy"
64,"Used at this site to refer to the Cambridge Dictionaries on line. See "Dictionaries and Glossaries" at the Resources Page."
65,"cancer of the prostate; also PC, PCa"
66,"Based in California, CaP Cure is one of the largest private funding sources for cancer research."
67,"the fibrous tissue which acts as an outer lining of the prostate. The word "capsule" may also be used for a radioactive implant or "seed". (NCI bklt)"
68,"(kar-SIN-o-jin) Any substance that causes cancer. (CNet)"
69,"Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. (CNet)"
70,"brand or trade name of bicalutamide, an antiandrogen"
71,"computerized axial tomography, a method of combining images from multiple x-rays under the control of a computer to produce sophisticated cross-sectional or three-dimensional pictures of the internal organs which can be used to identify abnormalities, e.g., tumors; also known as CT scan"
72,"A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. (CNet)"
73,"US brand name for an injectable form of alprostadil. Go to the section on injections."
74,"abbreviation for complete blood count, where the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are present in the patients sample of blood is determined. (OMD)"
75,"conformal external beam radiation therapy; see conformal radiation therapy"
76,"combined hormone blockade; CHB2 is with 2 medications, e.g., Lupronand Casodex. CHB2 may be called double hormonal therapy. CHB3 is with 3 medications, e.g. CHB2 + Proscar. CHB3 may be called triple hormonal therapy. Seecombined hormonal therapy"
77,"treatment with certain chemicals that interfere with cell division not only of cancer cells, but all young and dividing cells of the body, such as blood cells; chemotherapy alone may destroy immunity if given too long and too intensely. Usually associated with cancer treatment."
78,"A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time."
79,"combined hormonal therapy or combined hormonal treatment or complete hormonal blockade; see hormonal therapy"
80,"brand name of ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic used in various infections including urinary tract infections and prostatitis. Made by Bayer"
81,"an antibiotic used in various infections including urinary tract infections and prostatitis. Cipro is a US brand made by Bayer"
82,"A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. (CNet)"
83,"Acronym used at this site for the dictionary at CancerNet, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. See "Dictionaries & Glossaries" at the Dictionaries Page."
84,"Listing of US federal regulations. FDA rulings, for example, are regulations, rather than statute. Generally, new federal regulations are published in the federal register for comment some time before they are actually enacted. For a link to the CFR site, see "Government Sites" at Web Sites and Links Page."
85,"Relating to the colon and rectum, or to the entire large bowel (large intestine)."
86,"also known as combined hormonal therapy (CHT). The use of more than one hormone in the treatment. See hormone therapy. CHB2 is with 2 medications (e.g., Lupron + Casodex); CHB3 is with 3 medications and also may be known as THB or triple hormone blockade, e.g. a CHB2 combination + possibly Proscar"
87,"Also known as combined hormonal blockade (CHB). The use of more than one hormone in the treatment. See hormone therapy. CHB2 is with 2 medications (e.g., Lupron + Casodex); CHB3 is with 3 medications and also may be known as THB or triple hormone blockade, e.g. a CHB2 combination + possibly Proscar"
88,"See alternative medicine. (CNet)"
89,"the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are present in the patients sample of blood is determined. (OMD)"
90,"(tuh-MAH-gra-fee) A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computed tomography (CT) scan or computed/computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. (CNet)"
91,"Also known as computed tomography or CAT scan or CT scan; a method of using a computer to combine images from multiple x-rays to produce sophisticated cross-sectional or three-dimensional pictures of the internal organs which can be used to identify abnormalities, e.g., tumors."
92,"also known as conformal external beam radiation therapy (CEBRT) and three-dimensional CRT (3DCRT); CRT is a radiation technique using multiple fixed beams of radiation or multiple arc (moving) rotational beams to limit the dose to critical surrounding normal structures. It is also capable of producing a three-dimensional view for better analysis."
93,"formed by the union of two compounds, e.g., glycoprotein (in PSA) is a a "conjugated protein" because it consists of a protein bound to a carbohydrate. This allows them to be more easily separated for analysis. (WordNet>"
94,"see biopsy"
95,"the outer layer of an organ, usually surrounding an inner medulla. (Harcourt) The cortex of the prostate gland is also called a capsule."
96,"prefix meaning use of cold, e.g., cryotherapy, cryoablation, cryosurgery"
97,"The removal of a body part, such as a wart, by freezing. See cryosurgery"
98,"the use of liquid nitrogen to freeze a particular organ to extremely low temperatures to kill the tissue, e.g., any cancerous tissue. May be called cryoablation or cryotherapy but "cryosurgery" would be the more accurate term for prostate cancer treatment."
99,"The therapeutic use of cold to reduce discomfort, limit progression of tissue oedema (swelling) or break a cycle of muscle spasm. Compare to cryosurgery or the use of liquid nitrogen to freeze a particular organ to extremely low temperatures to kill the tissue."
100,"computerized tomography, also known as computed or computerized axial tomography or a CAT scan"
101,"an antiandrogen that in its acetate form (cyproterone acetate), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma (prostate cancer.)(OMD) . A US brand is Androcure. See hormone therapy."
102,"an instrument used by physicians to look inside the bladder and the urethra; cystoscopy is the use of a cystoscope"
103,"Acronym used at this site for Dictionary.com. See "Dictionaries & Glossaries" at the Resources Page."
104,"diethylstilbestrol"
105,"dihydrotestosterone , the male hormone active in the prostate"
106,"a synthetic estrogen, abbreviated DES, used in the 60s and 70s as a birth control but taken off the market due to birth defects. Before more current hormone therapy, it was the only treatment men had for lowering their testosterone and while it did produce serious side effects in some men, it is still being used and tested in lower dosages."
107,"In cancer, refers to how mature (developed) the cancer cells are in a tumor. Differentiated tumor cells resemble normal cells and grow at a slower rate than undifferentiated tumor cells, which lack the structure and function of normal cells and grow uncontrollably. (CNet) See "Gleason Grading Illustrated" at this site for a drawing to show differentiation."
108,"the use by a physician of a lubricated and gloved finger inserted through the anus to feel for abnormalities of the prostate and rectum. A line drawing of the procedure is available at this site."
109,"also known as 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, it is the male hormone which is actually active in the prostate; it is made when an enzyme 5-alpha-reductase transforms testosterone to DHT which stimulates the growth of the prostate"
110,"deoxyribonucleic acid, a complex protein that is the carrier of genetic information."
111,"A doubled-blinded trial is a clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. (CNet)"
112,"in cell biology, the time it takes for a cell to fully divide; in PCa it has come to mean the time that it takes a particular focus of cancer, e.g., the PSA count, to double in size"
113,"the use of hormonal or other forms of management to reduce the volume of prostate cancer in and/or around the prostate prior to other attempted curative treatment."
114,"digital rectal examination. A line drawing of the procedure is available at this site."
115,"Sexual climax without the release of semen. (CNet)"
116,"doubling time"
117,"A tube through which body fluids pass. (CNet)"
118,"abbreviation for diagnosis"
119,"cells that look abnormal under a microscope, but are not cancerous. (CNet) See PIN"
120,"urination which is problematic or painful"
121,"external beam radiation (therapy)"
122,"extracapsular extension; prostate cancer cells have escaped the prostate capsule"
123,"an inability to get or maintain an erection"
124,"US brand name of an injectable version of Prostaglandin E-1 for producing erections. Produced by Schwarz Pharmaceuticals.."
125,"The release of semen through the penis during orgasm."
126,"an Internet mailing list"
127,"through the rectum; there are endorectal MRIs as well as ultrasound to visualize the area. See transrectal ultrasound or TRUS."
128,"A drug that is being studied in the US for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. Endostatin belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. (CNet)"
129,"Cancer that occurs in endocrine tissue, the tissue in the body that secretes hormones. (CNet)"
130,"A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. (CNet) Any of a group of chemical substances which are produced by living cells and which cause particular chemical reactions to happen while not being changed themselves. E.g., an enzyme in the saliva of the mouth starts the process of breaking down the food. (Cambridge)"
131,"the tightly coiled, thin-walled tube that conducts sperm from the testicles to the vas deferens and provides for the storage, transmission, and maturation of sperm. See diagram of the male reproductive system."
132,"A hormone and neurotransmitter. Also called adrenaline. (CNet) One of the secretions of the adrenal glands. It helps the liver release glucose (sugar) and limit the release of insulin. It also makes the heart beat faster and can raise blood pressure; also called adrenalin. (PharmInfoNet)"
133,"a thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body."
134,"a female hormone; also sometimes spelled oestrogen"
135,"a brand name of flutamide in the US"
136,"external beam therapy; external radiation therapy"
137,"a form of radiation therapy in which the radiation is delivered by a machine pointed at the area to be radiated. May be known as external beam radiation (EBR, XBR), external beam radiation therapy (EBRT, XBRT). See conformal radiation therapy. Compare to seed implantation."
138,"prostate cancer cells have escaped the prostate capsule"
139,"outside the cells"
140,"Food and Drug Administration; a regulatory agency of the United States government, located in Rockville,Maryland. The FDA decides which drugs may be approved for sale in the United States. It also has an "orphan drug" section that deals with diseases that effect less than 200,000 US residents annually. See the Web Sites & Links page."
141,"a prescription antiandrogen medication developed by Merck Pharmaceuticals and sold under the brand name Proscar. It inhibits the enzyme 5-alpha reductase that converts testosterone into DHT that stimulates the growth of the prostate, thus is a 5AR inhibitor. It is also the active ingredient in Propecia, sold for hair loss."
142,"The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. (CNet)"
143,"a sudden reaction to starting hormone therapy, sometimes characterized by severe increase in pre-hormone therapy symptoms, such as pain; does not occur in all men; some report it may be prevented by taking an antiandrogen (Casodex, Nilandron) several days before starting hormone therapy
flutamide
an androgen blocker (antiandrogen) used in the palliative hormonal treatment of advanced prostate cancer and sometimes in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant hormonal treatment of earlier stages of prostate cancer. A US brand name is Eulexin. See hormone therapy"
144,"Merck drug approved by FDA 1995 for treating osteoporosis. The active ingredient is alendronate sodium."
145,"PSA (prostate specific antigen) exists in two forms in the blood, either bound to protein or unbound ("free"). As withcholesterol testing, scientists have found it meaningful to measure these different forms for better risk predictions."
146,"related to the digestive system and/or the intestines"
147,"the biological system which, in males, includes the testicles or testis, the vas deferens, the prostate, and the penis. See the diagram of the male reproductive and urinary system at this site."
148,"The DNA code that comprises the complete genetic composition of an organism."
149,"Gleason's grade; see Gleason's Score"
150,"An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. (CNet)"
151,"Pertaining to a gland."
152,"The cap-shaped expansion at the end of the penis, having the urethral opening at the center. See diagram of the male reproductive system."
153,"A system of grading prostate cancer cells to determine the best treatment and to predict how well a person is likely to do. A low Gleason score means the cancer cells are very similar to normal prostate cells; a high Gleason score means the cancer cells are very different from normal. (CNet) Named after the physician who developed a method of grading prostate cancer, it classifies the cellular differentiation of cancerous tissues. The less the cancerous cells appear like normal cells, the more malignant the cancer; two numbers, each from 1-5, are assigned successively to the two most predominant patterns of differentiation present in the examined tissue sample and are added together to produce the Gleason Score. See Gleason's drawing of the five types of cells."
154,"abbreviation for gonadotropin-releasing hormone"
155,"The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs(ovaries in women) or sperm (testicles/testes in men). (CNet)"
156,"a neurohormone also known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or LHRH."
157,"a drug that belongs to the family of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Goserelin is used to block hormone production in the ovaries or testicles. Two US brand names are Lupron and Zoladex. Also see hormone therapy"
158,"a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analog used in the palliative hormonal treatment of advanced prostate cancer and sometimes in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant hormonal treatment of earlier stages of prostate cancer. A US brand name is Zoladex. See hormone therapy"
159,"a system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. The Gleason grading system is perhaps the most popular. See Gleason's drawing of the five types of cells."
160,"Gleason score"
161,"enlargement of the breasts in men. It is often a side-effect of some hormone therapies."
162,"Referring to the Harcourt and Academic Press dictionary. See Dictionaries & Glossaries."
163,"A large branch of the US government that includes the US Surgeon General and that encompasses many other branches. To link to them, see "Government Sites" at the Web Sites and Links page."
164,"Hematologic is pertaining to, or involving the blood, or it's constituent cells. Hematology is that branch of medicine dealing with the blood. A hematologist (hee-ma-TOL-o-jist) is a doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the blood. (CNet)"
165,"the presence of blood in the ejaculate or semen."
166,"the study of the appearance and behavior of tissue, usually carried out under a microscope"
167,"Founded on resemblances, the theory and its practice that disease is cured by remedies which produce on a healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of the complaint under which the patient suffers, the remedies being usually administered in minute doses."
168,"An active regulatory chemical substance formed in one part of the body and carried by the blood to another part of the body, where it signals the coordination of cellular functions. Hormones are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics, usually in the teens. Testosterone is the primary male hormone."
169,"chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites, e.g., an antiandrogen"
170,"prostate cancer that has become refractory, that is, it resists hormone therapy"
171,"the use of hormones or hormone analogs to treat (in this case> prostate cancer either on their own or in combination with other methods of treatment, because prostate cancer is usually dependent on male hormones to grow; especially the use of LHRH analogs (e.g., Lupron, Zoladex) to block the production of testosterone by the testes, plus antiandrogens e.g., Casodex (bicalutamide), Eulexin (flutamide), Anandron or Nilandron (nilutamide), Androcur (cyproterone)) to compete with DHT (the male hormone) thereby depriving cancer cells of DHT needed for growth; forms of HT may also be called androgen deprivation therapy/treatment (ADT), complete hormone therapy/treatment (CHT), complete hormone blockade/treatment (CHB/CHT), maximal androgen blockade/deprivation (MAB/MAD). If dosages are started and stopped and started again, HT may be called intermittent therapy or treatment (IHT) or intermittent combined hormone therapy or treatment (ICHT). May also be called hormone treatment."
172,"the sudden sensation of warmth in the face, neck and upper body; a side effect of many forms of hormone therapy"
173,"hormone refractory prostate cancer; PCa that resists hormone therapy"
174,"abbreviation for hormone therapy"
175,"enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an increase in the number of cells in that organ or tissue; compare to hypertrophy; see also benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)"
176,"excessive sexual activity or sexual desire. (Harcourt)"
177,"the enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part due to an increase in size of its constituent cells. Compare to hyperplasia; see benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)"
178,"intermittent androgen suppression; the starting and stopping of the treatment. See hormone therapy"
179,"intermittent combined hormone therapy; the starting and stopping of treatment. See hormone therapy"
180,"intermittent hormone therapy; the starting and stopping of treatment. See hormone therapy"
181,"a process that measures and identifies a specific biological substance such as an antigen"
182,"(1) a device which is inserted into the body in order to replace or substitute for an ability which has been lost; for example, a penile implant is a device which can be surgically inserted into the penis to provide rigidity for intercourse; (2) a radioactive source in a small holder that is placed in the body or in or near a cancer. See seed. (2-NCI)"
183,"the inability to have or to maintain an erection; may effect the libido; also known as erectile dysfunction (ED); compare to libido."
184,"intensity modulated radiation therapy; similar to 3DEBRT, IMRT is a form of conformal radiation therapy but the beam intensity is varied (modulated) across the treatment field. Rather than being treated with a single, large, uniform beam, the patient is treated instead with many very small beams; each can have a differentintensity."
185,"inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). There are various kinds, degrees and causes of incontinence, e.g., it can occur when there is increased pressure upon the bladder, as in coughing or straining to lift heavy objects. There are simple exercises designed to improve the controlling muscles; see Kegel exercises"
186,"investigational new drug, a status given by the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research to drugs being tested. See the Web Sites & Links page."
187,"a hormone that helps the body use glucose (sugar) for energy"
188,"similar to 3DEBRT, IMRT is a form of conformal radiation therapy but the beam intensity is varied (modulated) across the treatment field. Rather than being treated with a single, large, uniform beam, the patient is treated instead with many very small beams; each can have a differentintensity."
189,"Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue."
190,"a form of radiation delivery that involves direct implantation of radioactive substances into the prostate; also called brachytherapy, seed implantation (SI) or seeding."
191,"within a duct or tube"
192,"within the layer of cells that forms the surface or lining of an organ"
193,"interstitial radiation therapy or brachytherapy."
194,"The International Union Against Cancer, which worked with the American Joint Committee on Cancer to update the TNM system of staging in 1997. To link to their sites, see "Professional Organizations" at the Web Sites and Links Page."
195,"One of the team of Whitmore-Jewett for which a staging system is named."
196,"These are simple exercises one can do even while sitting, to strengthen pelvic muscles. For more information, see "Kegel Exercises" at the Resources page."
197,"White blood cells that attack tumor cells and body cells that have been invaded by foreign substances. (CNet)
"
198,"a technique which allows the physician to observe internal organs directly through a piece of optical equipment inserted directly into the body through a small surgical incision"
199,"a drug that belongs to a family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs; used to block hormone production in the testicles; Lupron (leuprolide acetate) is a US brand."
200,"see luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone"
201,"interest in sexual activity; compare to impotency"
202,"short for an Internet email list or mailing list"
203,"a US trade or brand name of leuprolide acetate; an LHRH"
204,"the pituitary hormone that causes the testicles in men and ovaries in women to manufacture hormones; also called a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or LHRH"
205,"a hormone that controls the production of sex hormones in men and women. (CNet) In men it is responsible for stimulating the production of testosterone in the body; LHRH can be synthetically produced (analog) to do just the opposite (an antagonist), to suppress the testicular production of testosterone, e.g., Zoladex or Lupron; see hormone therapy"
206,"The almost colorless fluid that bathes body tissues and is found in the lymphatic vesselsthat drain the tissues of the fluid that filters across the blood vessel walls from blood. Lymph carries lymphocytes (white blood cells) that have entered the lymph nodes from the blood. (OMD) Also known as lymphatic fluid."
207,"the small glands which occur throughout the body and which filter the clear fluid known as lymph or lymphatic fluid"
208,"(lim-FAT-ik) The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. (CNet)"
209,"white blood cells."
210,"PCa stages. See "Prostate Cancer Stages" at this site with a comparative table."
211,"maximal androgen blockade/deprivation; see hormone therapy"
212,"on the Internet, it usually refers to a group of people who share a common interest and, by subscribing to the list, can send mail to the entire list and get mail from others who send (post) to it. For more information and some of the lists concerning prostate cancer, see MAILING LISTS at this site."
213,"cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. (CNet)"
214,"A diagnostic indication that disease may develop. (CNet)"
215,"see bone marrow"
216,"see hormone therapy"
217,"see MUSE"
218,"(anatomy) the inner portion of a structure"
219,"(meh-TAS-ta-sis): the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another by way of the lymph system, blood stream or direct extension. Cells in the metastatic (secondary) tumor are the same type as those in the original (primary) tumor. Plural is metastases. (CNet) Slang (noun) "mets""
220,"having the characteristics of a secondary tumor; see metastasis. Metastatic cancer is cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. (CNet)"
221,"an over-the-counter supplement that is usually used for relief of pain from arthritis, back pain or muscle pain."
222,"a diseased condition or state, the incidence of a disease or of all diseases in a population"
223,"magnetic resonance imaging; a technique allowing sophisticated vertical, cross-sectional, and even three-dimensional images of organs inside the body based on the electromagnetic properties of different atomic particles as opposed to x-rays"
224,"
Methyl Sulfonyl Methane, an over-the-counter supplement that is usually used for relief of pain from arthritis, back pain or muscle pain."
225,"acronym for "Medicated Urethral System for Erection", a brand name. The active ingredient is (alprostadil), a small pellet that is pushed into the tip of the penis with a small, specially-designed plastic plunger, to cause an erection. See Sexual Aides at this site."
226,"PCa stages. See "Prostate Cancer Stages" at this site with a comparative table."
227,"lowest point reached, e.g., in PSA levels."
228,"a nanogram is one billionth of a gram. There are 24 grams in an ounce."
229,"A group of institutes and related support structures located in Bethesda, Maryland, that is part of the United States Public Health Service. Responsible for funding basic and applied research in the health field. To link to them, go to "Government Organizations" at the Web Sites and Links Page."
230,"That branch of the NIH concerned with cancer. Their Web site has extensive information about all forms of cancer and treatment options. To access it, go to "Government Sites" at the Web Sites and Links Page."
231,"in the US, stands for new drug application. See IND."
232,"abbreviation for non-detectable PSA"
233,"The normal death and degeneration of cells without losing any continuity in the function, e.g, skin. Cancer cells avoid this process. May also be called apoptosis. Compare to necrosis"
234,"Death of cells or tissues through injury or disease, especially in a localized area of the body. (DCom) Compare to necrobiosis."
235,"not affirming the presence of the organism or condition in question, e.g., a negative diagnosis"
236,"done or added before the primary treatment; for example, neoadjuvant hormone therapy could be given prior to another form of treatment such as a radical prostatectomy; compare to adjuvant"
237,"any of a group of substances produced by specialized cells (neurosecretory cells) structurally typical of the nervous, rather than of the endocrine, system, but that serve as a link between the two systems."
238,"originating in the nervous system; compare to psychogenic"
239,"meaning it pertains to the nervous system, e.g., a neurologic problem"
240,"pertains to both the neurologic and vascular systems or structures"
241,"(NEE-o-PLAY-zha): abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth"
242,"a surgical technique during a prostatectomy where one or both of the neurovascular bundles controlling erections are spared. The utilization of this procedure is governed by the extent of the cancer and the skill of the surgeon."
243,"neoadjuvant hormone blockade/treatment; see hormone therapy"
244,"a US brand name of nilutamide"
245,"an antiandrogen; Nilandron and Anandron are two brand names; see hormone therapy"
246,"excessive urination at night"
247,"acronym for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used that relieves pain and suppresses inflammation in a manner similar to steroids, but without the side effects of steroids. Examples are Celebrex or Ibuprofen or even ordinary aspirin."
248,"a coined word, crossing "nutritional" and "pharmaceutical" and generally coming to mean any nutritional supplement designed for any specific clinical purpose(s). Due to US regulations, clinical or medical claims cannot be made for them. Thus, all are functionally (legally) on the market as foods for general consumption (or "health foods") to be used as "supplements" to nutrition (diet). Medical doctors frequently utilize these and other nutritional supplements in a myriad of clinical settings."
249,"Acronym at this site for CancerWeb's On-Line Medical Dictionary. See Dictionaries."
250,"a physician who specializes in the treatment of various types of cancer"
251,"surgical removal of one or both testes (testicles); a subcapsular orchiectomy is where the contents of one or both testicles is removed but the testicular capsule is then closed and remains in the scrotum. Abbr: orchy"
252,"The highest point of sexual excitement, characterized by strong feelings of pleasure and marked normally by ejaculation of semen by the male and by vaginal contractions in the female. Also called climax. (DCom)"
253,"A category created by US FDA for medications used to treat diseases that occur rarely (less than 200,000 cases) or that there is no hope for recovery of development costs, so there is little financial incentive for industry to develop them. Orphan drug status gives the manufacturer specific financial incentives to provide the drug. Orphan drugs are controlled by the FDA's Office of Orphan Products Development (OOPD). To access the OOPD site, go to "Government Sites" at the Web Sites and Links Page."
254,"relating to, based on, using, or being a theory according to which disease and especially mental illness may be cured by restoring the optimum amounts of substances normally present in the body"
255,"Cells which aid the growth and development of teeth and bones. (OMD)"
256,"A cell that actively reabsorbs bone. (DCom)"
257,"(OSS-tee-oh-pa-ROW-sis) A condition that is characterized by adecrease in bone mass and density, causing bones to become fragile. (CNet)
"
258,"designed to produce relief from symptoms without curing, e.g., aspirin for a headache is palliative"
259,"capable of being felt during a physical examination by a physician; e.g., when the prostate which can be felt during a digital rectal examination"
260,"prostatic acid phosphatase (FOS-fa-tays): an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amount in men who have prostate cancer"
261,"(pa-PAV-uh-reen) a drug which causes blood vessels to expand, thereby increasing blood flow. When papaverine is injected into the penis, it produces an erection by increasing blood flow to the penis. A US brand name is Pavarine. When used in conjunction with phentolamine, it is usually called a "bimix"."
262,"These are tables constructed on the basis of the PSA, stage, grade and surgical findings of over 4,000 men. The tables are used to predict the probability that the prostate cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, seminal vesicles, penetrated the capsule or remains confined to the prostate. They were initially developed by a group of urologists at the Brady Institute for Urology at Johns Hopkins University. They are called "Partin tables" after just one of the original contributors to this research. For more information, go to the Resources Page."
263,"a physician who specializes in the examination of tissues and blood samples to help decide what diseases are present and therefore how they should be treated"
264,"abbreviation for prostate cancer; CaP is also used"
265,"The Prostate Cancer Intimacy mailing list. For more information, see MAILING LISTS."
266,"poorly differentiated, referring to cells; see differentiation"
267,"Anatomy. Pelvic pertains to the pelvis, the ring of bones forming a bowl in which the digestive organs are housed and to which the thigh bones are attached, at the hips. Also known as the pelvic cavity. (Harcourt rev.)"
268,"of the penis, e.g., a penile implant"
269,"The part of a male's body which is used for urinating and in sexual activity. See the diagram of the male reproductive system."
270,"of the perineum, the area of the body between the scrotum and the rectum. See the diagram of the male reproductive and urinary system."
271,"the area of the body between the scrotum and the anus. See the diagram of the male reproductive and urinary system."
272,"Positron emission tomography scan. A computerized image of the metabolic activity of the body tissues used to determine the presence of disease. (NCI) A scanning device which uses low-dose radioactive sugar to measure brain activity. (OMD)"
273,"Phase I trials are the first step in testing a new treatment in humans. These studies test the best way to give a new treatment (for example, by mouth, intravenous infusion, or injection), and the best dose. The dose is usually increased a little at a time in order to find the highest dose that does not cause harmful side effects. Because little is known about the possible risks and benefits of treatments being tested, phase I trials usually include only a small number of patients, who have not been helped by other treatments. (CNet) These first studies in people evaluate how a new drug should be given (by mouth, injected into the blood, or injected into the muscle), how often, and what dose is safe. A Phase I trial usually enrolls only a small number of patients, sometimes as few as a dozen. See "Clinical Trials" at the Resources Page."
274,"Phase II cancer trials test whether a new treatment has an anticancer effect (for example, whether it shrinks a tumor or improves blood test results) and whether it works against a certain type of cancer. (CNet) A phase II trial continues to test the safety of the drug, and begins to evaluate how well the new drug works. Phase II studies usually focus on a particular type of cancer. See "Clinical Trials" at the Resources Page."
275,"Phase III trials compare the results of people taking a new treatment with results of people taking standard treatment (for example, which group has better survival rates or fewer side effects). In most cases, studies move into phase III trials only after a treatment seems to work in phases I and II. Phase III trials may include hundreds of people. (CNet) These studies test a new drug, a new combination of drugs, or a new surgical procedure in comparison to the current standard for treatment. A participant will usually be assigned to the standard treatment group or the new treatment group at random (called randomization). Phase III trials often enroll large numbers of people and may be conducted at many doctors' offices, clinics, and cancer centers nationwide. See "Clinical Trials" at the Resources Page."
276,"Once a treatment has been approved and is being marketed, it is studied in a phase IV trial to evaluate side effects of the new treatment that were not apparent in the phase III trial. Thousands of people are involved in a phase IV trial. (CNet) See "Clinical Trials" at the Resources Page."
277,"(fen-TOLE-a-meen) given by injection causes blood vessels to expand, thereby increasing blood flow. When injected into the penis , it increases blood flow to the penis,which results in an erection. When used in combination with papaverine it is called a "bimix". When prostaglandin E-1 is added it is called a "trimix"."
278,"Prostate Help Mailing List run by Don Cooley. See MAILING LISTS for more information. ."
279,"An inactive substance that looks the same as, and is administered inthe same way as, a drug in a clinical trial. (CNet)"
280,"The original tumor. (CNet)"
281,"referring to progesterone or to a pharmaceutical preparation with similar properties. (Harcourt)
progesterone
the female steroid hormone that is secreted by the ovary and stimulates changes in the the uterus in preparation for the implantation of the fertilized egg; produced by the placenta in large quantities during pregnancy. (Harcourt)"
282,"prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or prostatic intraductal neoplasia; a pre-malignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium (the thin tissue that covers the prostate gland) regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma; called dysplasia by some."
283,"A particle found in the bloodstream that binds at the site of a wound to begin the blood clotting process. Platelets are formed in bone marrow."
284,"having a value greater than zero, indicating existence or presence of a condition, organism, etc, for example, a positive bone scan would show signs of bone metastases"
285,"Prostate Pointers Mailing List. For more information see MAILING LISTS."
286,"a persistent abnormal erection that is usually with no sexual desire; it is unwanted and lasts for longer than several hours and may be accompanied by pain and tenderness; needs medical attention as the condition if continued can harm or destroy erectile tissues."
287,"the patient's potential clinical outlook based on the status and probable course of his disease"
288,"continuing growth or regrowth of the cancer"
289,"brand name of a drug using (finasteride) that reportedly shrinks the prostate gland in the treatment of BPH and PCa."
290,"a relaxant found in an injectable form of alprostadil that is used to produce erections. Originally marketed under the name Caverject. May be combined into a bimix or trimix. (Another form of alprostadil is MUSE which is inserted as a small pellet into the end of the penis.)"
291,"a radiolabeled antibody that attaches itself to lesions is injected and then a scan done."
292,"a walnut-sized gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder. Its main function is to supply fluid for the sperm during ejaculation. See illustration."
293,"(pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee): an operation to remove part or all of the prostate. A radical prostatectomy is the removal of the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it"
294,"Of or pertaining to the prostate gland. (OMD/Webster's)"
295,"a symptom resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra, due most commonly to hyperplasia of the prostate; results in urinary difficulties and, occasionally, urinary retention."
296,"infection or inflammation of the prostate gland"
297,"any of a group of complex organic compounds widely distributed in plants and animals Proteins are the principal constituent of the protoplasm of all cells and are essential to life. (Harcourt)"
298,"see PSA"
299,"protein specific antigen; a complex protein made by the prostate gland in response to the presence of foreign materials. It is measured (via a blood sample) to help detect potential problems in the prostate gland. PSA exists in two forms in the blood, either bound to protein or unbound ("free"). As withcholesterol testing, scientists have found it meaningful to measure these different forms for better risk predictions. For a longer explanation, see NCI's essay on PSA."
300,"produced or caused by psychological or mental factors rather than organic factors. Compare to neurogenic."
301,"Of or relating to the pubis, either of the two bones forming the frontal arch of the pelvis. See diagram of the male reproductive system."
302,"either of the two bones forming the frontal arch of the pelvis. See diagram of the male reproductive system."
303,"The overall enjoyment of life. Many clinical trials measure aspects of a person's sense of well-being and ability to perform various tasks in order to assess the effects that cancer and its treatment have on the person.(CNet) Sometimes abbreviated QOL or QL."
304,"(pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee) Surgery to remove the entire prostate. The two types of radical prostatectomy are retropubic prostatectomy (through an incision made in the abdominal wall) and radical perineal prostatectomy (through an incision made between the scrotum and the anus, the latter also known as an RPP."
305,"producing an image by radiation other than visible light, e.g., x-rays of one's teeth is done by radiography."
306,"to mark or label a substance with radioactivity, e.g., certain imaging methods require the injection of radiolabeled substances. See CAT scan, PET scan and prostascint, for example."
307,"the use of x-rays and other forms of radiation in an attempt to destroy malignant cells and tissue"
308,"the lowest end of the bowels down which excrement travels before leaving the body through the anus"
309,"Cells specialized for oxygen transport. (OMD)"
310,"not yielding or responding to therapy; e.g., hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) is a PCa resistant to forms of hormone therapy."
311,"the return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement"
312,"decrease in the extent or size of cancer"
313,"disappearance of the signs and symptoms of cancer. When this happens, the disease is said to be "in remission." A remission may be temporary or permanent"
314,"surgical removal"
315,"instrument inserted through the urethra and used by a urologist to cut out tissue (usually from the prostate) while the physician can actually see precisely where he is cutting."
316,"of urine; difficulty in urinating fully or the inability to completely empty the bladder"
317,"roentgenography is using X-rays to produce a roentgenogram or a photo or image made with x-rays; also called radiography."
318,"radical prostatectomy"
319,"radical perineal prostatectomy, where the prostate is removed through an incision made between the scrotum and the anus."
320,"prescribed medication(s)"
321,"a bag-shaped, soft-walled pouch, cavity, or indentation within a plant or animal body. (Harcourt)"
322,"Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. (CNet)"
323,"the pouch of skin beneath the penis containing the testicles. See illustration of the male reproductive and urinary systems at this site."
324,"brachytherapy; the implantation of radioactive seeds or pellets (may also be called "capsules") which emit low energy radiation in order to kill surrounding tissue, e.g., the prostate, including prostate cancer cells. Also known as "seed implantation" or "SI". A photo of sample seeds is at this site."
325,"The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Ends Results Program that maintains statistics on cancer in the US. It is part of the National Cancer Institute. For links to SEER and NCI go to "Government Links" at the Web Sites & Links Page."
326,"The fluid that is released through the penis during orgasm. Semen is made up of sperm from the testicles and fluid from the prostate and other sex glands. (CNet)"
327,"related to the semen; for example, the seminal vesicles are glands at the base of the bladder and connected to the prostate that provide nutrients for the semen. See illustration of the male reproductive and urinary system at this site."
328,"prostate cancer cells have invaded the seminal vesicle(s)"
329,"seed implantation. See seeding."
330,"Problems that occur when treatment affects healthy cells. Common side effects of cancer treatment are fatigue, nausea, vomiting, decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores. (CNet)"
331,"the active ingredient of Viagra, which is used to produce erections."
332,"A large organ to the left of the stomach and below the diaphragm, serving to store blood, disintegrate old blood cells, filter foreign substances from the blood, and produce lymphocytes (white blood cells). (DCom)"
333,"serum testosterone, another name fortestosterone"
334,"a term used to define the size and physical extent of a cancer; staging is the process of assigning a stage to a particular cancer in a specific patient in light of all the available information. See "Prostate Cancer Stages" at this site with a comparative table."
335,"Cells that have the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. The ultimate stem cell might be a fertilized egg capable of producing the entire organism."
336,"a chemical that occurs naturally in the body, e.g., testosterone and estrogen are steroids, synthetic steroids are used for treatment but might have undesirable side-effects."
337,"under the capsule; for example, a subcapsular orchiectomy is a form of castration in which the contents of each testicle is removed but the testicular capsules are then closed and remain in the scrotum"
338,"seminal vesicle invasion or involvement; prostate cancer cells have invaded the seminal vesicle(s)"
339,"abbreviation for symptoms"
340,"(sis-TEM-ik): Affecting the entire body. (CNet)"
341,"Stages of prostate cancer according to the TNM scale. See "Prostate Cancer Stages" at this site with a comparative table."
342,"total androgen blockade; see hormone therapy"
343,"one of two male reproductive glands located inside the scrotum behind and below the penis, which produce sperm and are the primary source of the male hormone testosterone. Medically called "testis." See illustration of the male reproductive and urinary system at this site."
344,"Medical term for testicle. One of two male reproductive glands located inside the scrotum behind and below the penis, which produce sperm and are the primary source of the male hormone testosterone. Plural is "testes." See illustration of the male reproductive and urinary system at this site."
345,"(tes-TOS-ter-own): the hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics; it is believed to comprise about 90 percent of the androgens in a man's body; abbreviated "T""
346,"Usually refers to triple hormonal blockade. May also mean "total hormonal blockade." See hormone therapy."
347,"TNM stands for "Tumor, Nodes, Metastases," a 1992 cancer staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union Against Cancer that was updated in 1997. For a comparative table of staging, click here."
348,"a procedure where internal body images at a predetermined plane are recorded by means of the tomograph, a computer-driven device that builds the image from multiple X-ray measurements; also called body section roentgenography. Tomography is used in CAT scan and PET scan."
349,"May be abbreviated THB which usually means "triple hormonal blockade." See hormone therapy."
350,"a method of imaging the prostate by inserting an ultrasound probe into the rectum; commonly used to visualize prostate biopsy procedures."
351,"also called a transurethral resection of the prostate or TURP"
352,"Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. (CNet)"
353,"also known as a transurethral prostatectomy. See TURP."
354,"transrectal ultrasound"
355,"transrectal ultrasound of the prostate"
356,"a mixture of papaverine, phentolamine and prostaglandin E-1 that is injected into the penis to cause an erection. See illustratons at the injections menu."
357,"A form of combined hormonal blockade (CHB), it is the use of three medications. See combined hormonal blockade"
358,"tumor (TOO-mer): An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division. Tumors perform no useful body function. They may be either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). (CNet)"
359,"A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include...PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. (CNet)"
360,"See transurethral resection."
361,"transurethral resection of the prostate or transurethral prostatectomy; the surgical removal of the prostate gland; it is performed through the urethral canal of the penis using a resectoscope"
362,"abbreviation for treatment"
363,"abbreviation for urinalysis"
364,"a set of sound waves at a particular frequency which can be used to image internal organs (e.g., a baby in the womb) and used to image the prostate gland. See TRUS."
365,"the tube that drains urine from the bladder and out the penis; since the tube passes through the prostate, enlargement of the prostate can put pressure on the urethra, making urination difficult. See the illustration of the male sexual and urinary system at this site."
366,"the tube that carries urine from each kidney to the bladder. The tube that carries it from the bladder is the urethra."
367,"the chemical and microscopic analysis of the urine for diagnostic purpose. (Webster's)"
368,"the liquid emitted by the kidneys, accumulated in the bladder, and passed through the urethra to the outside of the body. (CNet)"
369,"abbreviation for ultrasound"
370,"A national support group. See SUPPORT GROUPS."
371,"urinary tract infection; an infection identifiable by the presence of bacteria (or theoretically viruses) in the urine; may be associated with fever or a burning sensation while urinating"
372,"a device that creates an erection with vacuum; it is usually a hard, plastic device placed over the penis and a vacuum is then created by hand or mechanical pump, bringing blood into the penis; also called vacuum erection therapy. Go to the VED menu."
373,"(vas-EK-toe-mee) An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes [vas deferens] that carry sperm out of the testicles. (CNet)"
374,"pertaining to the blood vessels"
375,"tube through which sperm travel from the testes to the prostate prior to ejaculation. See the illustration of the male sexual and urinary system at this site."
376,"a drug which cause blood vessels to expand, thereby increasing blood flow. Vasodilators are used in Viagra and other drugs (e.g., trimix) to cause erections."
377,"see vacuum erection device"
378,"A prescription drug made by Pfizer that became the most popular oral medication for creating erections. The active ingredient is sildenafil citrate."
379,"The person's condition is closely monitored, but treatment does not begin until symptoms appear or change. (CNet)"
380,"abbreviation for white blood cell count"
381,"abbreviation for well-differentiated; see differentiation"
382,"White blood cells (WBCs) are cells which circulate in the blood and lymphatic system and harbor in the lymph glands and spleen. They are part of the immune system responsible for attacking foreign invaders of the body. (OMD)"
383,"a popular staging classification of extent of prostate cancer disease that was created in 1975 and since modified by the AJCC and IUAC to include subcategories. Sometimes called the Jewett System. For more information and a comparative table, see Prostate Cancer Stages at this site."
384,"abbreviation for watchful waiting"
385,"abbreviation for external beam radiation therapy; also EXBT, EXRT."
386,"abbreviation for years old"
387,"(yo-HIM-bean) originally an African herb from trees (Corynanthe yohimbe), it increases flow of blood to the penis. There are several US brand names of yohimbine hydrochloride as well as generic tablets."
388,"trade or brand name for goserelin acetate, an LHRH used in hormone therapy"