# definitions

definition_memo:
Conformal radiation may be given different names, hence different abbreviations. It is usually preceded by 3D, meaning three-dimensional. For example, 
   3D conformal beam radiation therapy (3DCBRT),  
   3D conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT), 
   3D external beam radiation therapy (3DEBRT) and 
   3D external (beam) radiation therapy (3DXRT) 
may all refer to the same process.

more_info_url_text:
See conformal_radiation_therapy, 3-dimensional., radiation, external beam.


definition_memo:
A graphic display of depth, width, and height. 

Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Usually known merely as dihydrotestosterone or DHT, it  is the male hormone which is actually active in the prostate. It is made when an enzyme 5-alpha-reductase transforms testosterone to DHT which stimulates the growth of the prostate.

more_info_url_text:
See testosterone, enzyme, 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone.


definition_memo:
An enzyme which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) that stimulates the growth of the prostate gland. May be spelled with or without the hyphens.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for Androgen Ablation Therapy/Treatment. Androgens are the class of hormones that includes testosterone. AAT is one of the names for hormone therapy that reduces the production or conversion of testosterone.

more_info_url_text:
See androgen, ablation, hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for AntiAndrogen Withdrawal Response. 

In hormone therapy, when it is believed the prostate cancer cells have mutated to feed on the antiandrogen rather than testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT),  the antiandrogen is withdrawn or stopped; the intended "response" being the killing or dimunition of those mutated cells.

more_info_url_text:
See antiandrogen, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
Brand name for an LHRH antagonist which suppresses testosterone production in hormone therapy. Some say it is similar to Lupron.

more_info_url_text:
See LHRH, antagonist, Lupron, hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
The part of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Of or pertaining to the kidneys or near to them.


definition_memo:
The outer portion of the adrenal gland; it secretes various hormones. (Harcourt)


definition_memo:
Either one of the two flattened glands situated above each kidney, consisting of a cortex (outer wall) that secretes important hormones and a medulla (inner part) that secretes adrenalin. (May also be spelled adrenaline.) Some testosterone is produce by the adrenal gland. (Harcourt)

more_info_url_text:
See adrenalin, testosterone. An illlustration showing the location of the adrenal glands is available at Phoenix5.


definition_memo:
the surgical removal of an adrenal gland. (Harcourt)


definition_memo:
A hormone produced inside the adrenal gland that increases the heartbeat, blood pressure, and other bodily functions. May be spelled adrenalin.

more_info_url_text:
See adrenal gland. An illlustration showing the location of the adrenal glands is available at Phoenix5.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for Androgen Deprivation Therapy. One of the names given to hormone therapy, to reduce the level of testosterone, which feeds the prostate gland.

more_info_url_text:
See androgen, hormone therapy, testosterone.


definition_memo:
A drug that triggers an action from a cell or another drug. (CNet) Compare to antagonist, which blocks or nullifies an action.


definition_memo:
androgen-independent prostate cancer; when the prostate cancer (Pca)  progresses despite antiandrogen treatment. May be called hormone refractory prostate cancer or HRPC.

more_info_url_text:
See androgen, antiandrogen, hormone refractory prostate cancer


definition_memo:
American Joint Committee on Cancer. The organization that has been working with the TNM Committee of the International Union Against Cancer (IUAC) to revised and update the TNM system of staging for 47 anatomical sites.

more_info_url_text:
See International Union Against Cancer, TNM System, staging.


definition_memo:
A drug that affects bone metabolism. It is used in treating osteoporosis and is being studied in the treatment of hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and in treating and reducing the risk of bone pain caused by cancer. (CNet) Active ingredient in Fosomax


definition_memo:
an enzyme which can be used to determine the health of the liver and if the cancer has spread to the bone or liver.


definition_memo:
Cell sites that respond to adrenaline or adrenaline-like substances, causing various physiological changes including pupil dilation, increased vascular resistance, and heightened muscle activity. (Harcourt)


definition_memo:
A prostaglandin derivative that relaxes the smooth muscles of the penis, enhancing blood flow. When injected into the penis, it can produce an erection in most cases. First produced as Caverject by Upjohn in 1995.

more_info_url_text:
See prostaglandin, Caverject. For an anatomical diagram of the penis to see the blood flow, click here.


definition_memo:
Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes such practices as dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. Also known as complementary medicine. (CNet)


definition_memo:
The organization that has been working with the TNM Committee of the International Union Against Cancer (IUAC) to revised and update the TNM system of grading for 47 anatomical sites.


definition_memo:
One of the names given to  hormone therapy, where the purpose is to reduce (ablate) the amount of androgen.


definition_memo:
Another name for hormone therapy, where the body is deprived of androgens that feed the prostate gland; see antiandrogen, hormone therapy

more_info_url_text:
See androgen, antiandrogen, hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
When the prostate cancer progresses despite antiandrogen treatment. May also be called hormone refractory prostate cancer or HRPC.


definition_memo:
(a-NEE-mee-a): A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal. (CNet)


definition_memo:
(an-gee-o-GEN-eh-sis) Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels between a tumor and surrounding tissue. This is caused by the release of a chemical by the tumor cells. (CNet)


definition_memo:
A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid tumor. (CNet) These are still being tested.


definition_memo:
Describing genetic or hormonal conditions producing male characteristics


definition_memo:
In medicine, a substance that tends to nullify the action of another, as a drug that binds to a cell receptor without eliciting a biological response, thus blocking any further action. Compare to agonist.

more_info_url_text:
See and compare to agonist. Also see antiandrogen, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.


definition_memo:
A compound (usually a synthetic pharmaceutical) which blocks or otherwise interferes with the normal action of androgens by blocking the androgen receptor sites in target organ cells; examples are flutamide, cyproterone and nilutamide; a hormone antagonist.

more_info_url_text:
See androgen, flutamide, cyproterone, nilutamide, hormone antagonist.


definition_memo:
When it is believed the prostate cancer cells have mutated to feed on the antiandrogen rather than testosterone and DHT, the antiandrogen is withdrawn or stopped, with the intended response being the killing or dimunition of those mutated cells


definition_memo:
Plural: antibodies. A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. (CNet)

more_info_url_text:
See protein, white blood cells, antigen.


definition_memo:
Any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. Antigens are often foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses that invade the body.


definition_memo:
A substance that inhibits oxidation or reactions promoted by oxygen. Antioxidant nutrients protect human cells from damage caused by "free radicals": highly reactive oxygen compounds.


definition_memo:
The opening through which solid excrement leaves the body.

more_info_url_text:
See a diagram of the male urinary system


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for Alkaline Phosphatase, an enzyme which can be used to help to determine the health of the liver and if the cancer has spread to the bone or liver.


definition_memo:
Natural cell death as signaled by the nuclei in normally functioning human cells, e.g., skin cells die and fall off. Cancerous cells avoid this natural cell death process. May also be called necrobiosis.


definition_memo:
(as-per-AY-shun) Removal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst, with a needle and a syringe. (CNet) May be used for biopsy.


definition_memo:
Without obvious signs or symptoms of disease; when cancer is in its early stages it may be asymptomatic, that is, develop and grow without signs or symptoms that it is there.


definition_memo:
A variable that is measured, observed, or assessed on a patient at diagnosis or shortly before treatment assignment and the initiation of treatment. May be called baseline characteristic.


definition_memo:
PSA level before treatment. Also called base PSA (bPSA).


definition_memo:
Not cancerous; not malignant; not potentially fatal; relatively harmless


definition_memo:
A non-cancerous (benign) condition in which the prostate grows and pushes against the urethra and the bladder blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. (CNet) With hyperplasia, there is an abnormal multiplication of the non-malignant prostate cells. With hypertrophy it is because of an increase in the size of the constituent cells and causes the same symptoms, such as the frequent need to urinate at night. In both BPHs there may be an above normal PSA reading.

more_info_url_text:
See a drawing that shows how the prostate surrounds the urethra..


definition_memo:
A nonsteroidal antiandrogen. A US brand name is Casodex.


definition_memo:
Meaning both sides. For example, a bilateral orchiectomy is an orchiectomy in which both testicles are removed and a bilateral adrenalectomy is an operation in which both adrenal glands are removed


definition_memo:
When two drugs are mixed for injection into the penis, to produce an erection. Usually refers to a mixture of papaverine and phentolamine.

more_info_url_text:
See papaverine, phentolamine. There is also a large setion at Phoenix5 dealing with injections.


definition_memo:
b(BY-ahp-see) A procedure used to remove cells or tissues in order to look at them under a microscope to check for signs of disease. When an entire tumor or lesion is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. (CNet) Abbreviated Bx.


definition_memo:
The soft, spongy tissue found in the centre of most large bones that produces the cellular components of blood: white cells, red cells and platelets. It is also the most radiationsensitive tissue of the body. (OMD)


definition_memo:
A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner.


definition_memo:
benign prostatic hyperplasia or hypertrophy


definition_memo:
baseline PSA, the PSA count prior to treatment. May also be abbreviated bPSA.


definition_memo:
treatment with radiation in which the radioactive source is close to the body area being treated; it may be implanted (seeding), in physical contact, or located a short distance away. (Harcourt)


definition_memo:
Complete androgen blockade. One of the types of hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
Used at this site to refer to the Cambridge Dictionaries on line.


definition_memo:
Based in California, CaP Cure  is one of the largest private funding sources for cancer research.

more_info_url_text:
See our Links page to access their Web site.


definition_memo:
the fibrous tissue which acts as an outer lining of the prostate gland. The word capsule may also be used for a radioactive implant or seed. (NCI bklt)


definition_memo:
(kar-SIN-o-jin) Any substance that causes cancer. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Brand or trade name of bicalutamide, an antiandrogen


definition_memo:
Short for Computerized Axial Tomography, a method of combining images from multiple x-rays under the control of a computer to produce sophisticated cross-sectional or three-dimensional pictures of the internal organs which can be used to identify abnormalities, e.g., tumors; also known as CT scan


definition_memo:
A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. (CNet)


definition_memo:
US brand name for an injectable form of alprostadil, used to produce erections.

more_info_url_text:
See alprostadil. There is a large section on injections at Phoenix5.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for complete blood count, where the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets present in the patients sample of blood is determined. (OMD)

more_info_url_text:
See white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets.


definition_memo:
conformal external beam radiation therapy, may also abbreviated CBRT or CXBRT.


definition_memo:
Combined hormonal blockade, a form of hormone therapy.

more_info_url_text:
See combined hormonal blockade, hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
treatment with certain chemicals, injected into the blood,  that interfere with cell division not only of cancer cells, but all young and dividing cells of the body, such as blood cells; chemotherapy alone may destroy immunity if given too long and too intensely. Usually associated with cancer treatment. Slang: chemo.


definition_memo:
A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for combined hormonal therapy or combined hormonal treatment, also called complete hormonal blockade.


definition_memo:
Brand name of ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic used in various infections including urinary tract infections and prostatitis. Made by Bayer

more_info_url_text:
See ciprofloxacin, urinary tract infection, prostatitis.


definition_memo:
An antibiotic used in various infections including urinary tract infections and prostatitis. Cipro is a US brand made by Bayer

more_info_url_text:
See urinary tract infection, prostatitis.


definition_memo:
A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Acronym used at this site for the dictionary at CancerNet, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute.


definition_memo:
Listing of US federal regulations. FDA rulings, for example, are regulations, rather than statute. Generally, new federal regulations are published in the federal register for comment some time before they are actually enacted.


definition_memo:
Relating to the colon and rectum, or to the entire large bowel (large intestine).


definition_memo:
Also known as alternative medicine. (CNet)


definition_memo:
The number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are present in the patients sample of blood is determined. (OMD)


definition_memo:
(tuh-MAH-gra-fee) A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computed tomography (CT) scan or computed/computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. (CNet)

more_info_url_text:
See computerized axial tomography, tomography.


definition_memo:
Also known as computed tomography or CT scan or CAT scan; a method of using a computer to combine images from multiple x-rays to produce sophisticated cross-sectional or three-dimensional pictures of the internal organs which can be used to identify abnormalities, e.g., tumors.


definition_memo:
Also known as conformal external beam radiation therapy (CEBRT) and three-dimensional CRT (3DCRT); CRT is a radiation technique using multiple fixed beams of radiation or multiple arc (moving) rotational beams to limit the dose to critical surrounding normal structures by getting it to ''conform'' to the area. It is also capable of producing a three-dimensional view for better analysis.


definition_memo:
In biochemistry, formed by the union of two compounds. (WordNet)


definition_memo:
The outer layer of an organ, usually surrounding an inner medulla. (Harcourt) The cortex of the prostate gland is also called a capsule.


definition_memo:
Prefix meaning use of cold, e.g., cryotherapy, cryoablation, cryosurgery.


definition_memo:
The removal of a body part, such as a wart, by freezing.


definition_memo:
The use of liquid nitrogen to freeze a particular organ to extremely low temperatures to kill the tissue, e.g., any cancerous tissue. May be called cryoablation or cryotherapy but cryosurgery would be the more accurate term for prostate cancer treatment.


definition_memo:
computerized tomography, also known as computed or computerized axial tomography or a CAT scan.

more_info_url_text:
See computed or computerized axial tomography


definition_memo:
An antiandrogen that in its acetate form (cyproterone acetate), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma (prostate cancer.)(OMD) . A US brand is Androcure. See hormone therapy.

more_info_url_text:
See antiandrogen, acetate, progestational, palliative, hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
an instrument used by physicians to look inside the bladder and the urethra; cystoscopy is the use of a cystoscope


definition_memo:
Acronym used at this site for Dictionary.com.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic female hormone (estrogen) used in the 60s and 70s as a birth control but taken off the market due to birth defects. Before more current hormone therapy, it was the only treatment men had for lowering their testosterone and while it did produce serious side effects in some men, it is still being used and tested in lower dosages

more_info_url_text:
See hormone therapy, estrogen, testosterone


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for dihydrotestosterone , the male hormone active in the prostate


definition_memo:
A synthetic female hormone (estrogen) used in the 60s and 70s as a birth control but taken off the market due to birth defects. Before more current hormone therapy, it was the only treatment men had for lowering their testosterone and while it did produce serious side effects in some men, it is still being used and tested in lower dosages


definition_memo:
In cancer, differentiation refers to how mature (developed) the cancer cells are in a tumor. Differentiated tumor cells resemble normal cells and grow at a slower rate than undifferentiated tumor cells, which lack the structure and function of normal cells and grow uncontrollably. (CNet)

more_info_url_text:
See Gleason Grading Illustrated at this site for a drawing to show cell differentiation.


definition_memo:
The use by a physician of a lubricated and gloved finger inserted through the anus to feel for abnormalities of the prostate and rectum.

more_info_url_text:
See a line drawing of the procedure at this site.


definition_memo:
Also known as 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, it is the male hormone which is actually active in the prostate; it is made when an enzyme 5-alpha-reductase transforms testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which stimulates the growth of the prostate gland.


definition_memo:
Deoxyribonucleic acid, a complex protein that is the carrier of genetic information.


definition_memo:
A doubled-blinded trial is a clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. (CNet)


definition_memo:
In cell biology, the time it takes for a cell to fully divide; in PCa it has come to mean the time that it takes a particular focus of cancer, e.g., the PSA count, to double in size


definition_memo:
The use of hormonal or other forms of management to reduce the volume of prostate cancer in and/or around the prostate prior to other attempted curative treatment.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for ''digital rectal examination.'' The use by a physician of a lubricated and gloved finger inserted through the anus to feel for abnormalities of the prostate and rectum.


definition_memo:
Sexual climax without the release of semen. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for doubling time. In cell biology, the time it takes for a cell to fully divide; in PCa it has come to mean the time that it takes a particular focus of cancer, e.g., the PSA count, to double in size


definition_memo:
A tube through which body fluids pass. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Cells that look abnormal under a microscope, but are not cancerous. (CNet) When it is prostate tissue, it is often called prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or prostatic intraductal neoplasia or PIN.


definition_memo:
urination which is problematic or painful


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for external beam radiation treatment/therapy.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for extracapsular extension, meaning prostate cancer cells have escaped the prostate capsule.


definition_memo:
an inability to get or maintain an erection.


definition_memo:
US brand name of an injectable version of Prostaglandin E-1 for producing erections. Produced by Schwarz Pharmaceuticals..


definition_memo:
The release of semen through the penis during orgasm.


definition_memo:
Another name for an Internet mailing list


definition_memo:
Meaning, through the rectum. There are endorectal MRIs as well as ultrasound to visualize the area.

more_info_url_text:
See MRI, transrectal ultrasound or TRUS.


definition_memo:
A drug that is being studied in the US for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. Endostatin belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Cancer that occurs in endocrine tissue, the tissue in the body that secretes hormones. (CNet)


definition_memo:
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. (CNet) Any of a group of chemical substances which are produced by living cells and which cause particular chemical reactions to happen while not being changed themselves. E.g., an enzyme in the saliva of the mouth starts the process of breaking down the food. (Cambridge)


definition_memo:
The tightly coiled, thin-walled tube that conducts sperm from the testes to the vas deferens and provides for the storage, transmission, and maturation of sperm.

more_info_url_text:
See a diagram of the male reproductive system.


definition_memo:
A hormone and neurotransmitter. Also called adrenaline. (CNet) One of the secretions of the adrenal glands. It helps the liver release glucose (sugar) and limit the release of insulin. It also makes the heart beat faster and can raise blood pressure; also called adrenalin. (PharmInfoNet)


definition_memo:
A thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body.


definition_memo:
a female hormone; also sometimes spelled oestrogen


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for external beam therapy, a form of radiation treatment..


definition_memo:
A form of radiation therapy in which the radiation is delivered by a machine pointed at the area to be radiated. May be known as external beam radiation (EBR, XBR), external beam radiation therapy (EBRT, XBRT). See conformal radiation therapy. Compare to seed implantation.

more_info_url_text:
See conformal radiation therapy. Compare to seeding.


definition_memo:
Prostate cancer cells have escaped the prostate lining or capsule.


definition_memo:
A  regulatory agency of the United States government, located in Rockville,Maryland. The FDA decides which drugs may be approved for sale in the United States. It also has an Orphan Drug section that deals with diseases that effect less than 200,000 US residents annually.


definition_memo:
A prescription antiandrogen medication developed by Merck Pharmaceuticals and sold under the brand name Proscar. It inhibits the enzyme 5-alpha reductase that converts testosterone into DHT that stimulates the growth of the prostate, thus is a 5AR inhibitor. It is also the active ingredient in Propecia, sold for hair loss.

more_info_url_text:
See antiandrogen, 5-alpha reductase, testosterone, DHT, alpha blockers.


definition_memo:
The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. (CNet)


definition_memo:
A sudden reaction to starting hormone therapy, sometimes characterized by severe increase in pre-hormone therapy symptoms, such as pain; does not occur in all men; some report it may be prevented by taking an antiandrogen (Casodex, Nilandron) several days before starting hormone therapy

more_info_url_text:
See hormone therapy, antiandrogen, Casodex, Nilandron.


definition_memo:
An antiandrogen used in the palliative hormonal therapy of advanced prostate cancer and sometimes in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant hormonal treatment of earlier stages of prostate cancer. A US brand name is Eulexin.

more_info_url_text:
See antiandrogen, palliative, adjuvant, neoadjuvant, hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
Merck drug approved by FDA 1995 for treating osteoporosis. The active ingredient is alendronate sodium.


definition_memo:
PSA (prostate specific antigen) exists in two forms in the blood, either bound to protein or unbound (free). As with cholesterol testing, scientists have found it meaningful to measure these different forms for better risk predictions.

more_info_url_text:
See PSA. For more information, essays on PSA are here at Phoenix5.


definition_memo:
Related to the digestive system and/or the intestines


definition_memo:
The reproductive system which, in males, includes the testicles or testes, the vas deferens, the prostate, and the penis..

more_info_url_text:
See the diagram of the male reproductive and urinary system at this site


definition_memo:
The DNA code that comprises the complete genetic composition of an organism.


definition_memo:
An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. (CNet)


definition_memo:
The cap-shaped expansion at the end of the penis, having the urethral opening at the center.

more_info_url_text:
See diagram of the male reproductive system at this site.


definition_memo:
A system of grading prostate cancer cells to determine the best treatment and to predict how well a person is likely to do. A low Gleason score means the cancer cells are very similar to normal prostate cells; a high Gleason score means the cancer cells are very different from normal. (CNet) Named after the physician who developed a method of grading prostate cancer, it classifies the cellular differentiation of cancerous tissues. The less the cancerous cells appear like normal cells, the more malignant the cancer; two numbers, each from 1-5, are assigned successively to the two most predominant patterns of differentiation present in the examined tissue sample and are added together to produce the Gleason Score. Also called a Gleason Grade (GG).

more_info_url_text:
See differentiation. Also see Gleason's drawing of the five types of cells.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a neurohormone also known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or LHRH.


definition_memo:
The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (from ovaries in women) or sperm (from testicles/testes in men). (CNet)

more_info_url_text:
See a drawing of the male reproductive system at this site.


definition_memo:
a neurohormone also known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or LHRH.


definition_memo:
A drug that belongs to the family of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues used in hormone thereapy.. Goserelin is used to block hormone production in the testicles. Two US brand names are Lupron and Zoladex.

more_info_url_text:
See gonadotropin-releasing hormone, analog, hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. The Gleason grading system is perhaps the most popular.

more_info_url_text:
See Gleason Score and Gleason's drawing at this site, of the five types of cells.


definition_memo:
Enlargement of the breasts in men. It is often a side-effect of some hormone therapies.

more_info_url_text:
See hormone therapy. There is a section at this site about the condition.


definition_memo:
Referring to the Harcourt and Academic Press dictionary.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for Health and Human Services, a large branch of the US government that includes the US Surgeon General and other medically-oriented branches.


definition_memo:
Hematologic is pertaining to, or involving the blood, or it's constituent cells. Hematology is that branch of medicine dealing with the blood. A hematologist (hee-ma-TOL-o-jist) is a doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the blood. (CNet)


definition_memo:
The presence of blood in the ejaculate or semen. Also called hemospermia.

more_info_url_text:
See an article on the subject at this site.


definition_memo:
The study of the appearance and behavior of tissue, usually carried out under a microscope


definition_memo:
Meaning founded on resemblances, the theory and its practice that disease is cured by remedies which produce on a healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of the complaint under which the patient suffers, the remedies being usually administered in minute doses.


definition_memo:
An active regulatory chemical substance formed in one part of the body and carried by the blood to another part of the body, where it signals the coordination of cellular functions. Hormones are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics, usually in the teens. Testosterone is the primary male hormone.


definition_memo:
Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites, e.g., an antiandrogen


definition_memo:
Prostate cancer that has become refractory, that is, it resists hormone therapy


definition_memo:
The use of hormones or hormone analogs to treat (in this case) prostate cancer either on their own or in combination with other methods of treatment, because prostate cancer is usually dependent on male hormones to grow.  LHRH analogs (e.g., Lupron, Zoladex) are used to block the production of testosterone by the testes, plus antiandrogens e.g., Casodex (bicalutamide), Eulexin (flutamide), Anandron or Nilandron (nilutamide), Androcur (cyproterone) are used to block the covnersion of testosterone, thereby depriving cancer cells of DHT needed for growth. Forms of HT may also be called androgen deprivation therapy/treatment (ADT), complete hormone therapy/treatment (CHT), complete hormone blockade/treatment (CHB/CHT), maximal androgen blockade/deprivation (MAB/MAD). If dosages are started and stopped and started again, HT may be called intermittent therapy or treatment (IHT) or intermittent combined hormone therapy or treatment (ICHT). May also be called hormone treatment.

more_info_url_text:
See analogs, LHRH, testosterone, antiandrogens, cyproterone, bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, DHT


definition_memo:
The sudden sensation of warmth in the face, neck and upper body; a side effect of many forms of hormone therapy


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for hormone refractory prostate cancer; Prostate cancer that resists hormone therapy


definition_memo:
Enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an increase in the number of cells in that organ or tissue. Compare to hypertrophy.


definition_memo:
Excessive sexual activity or sexual desire. (Harcourt)


definition_memo:
The enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part due to an increase in size of its constituent cells, rather than the number of cells. Compare to hyperplasia.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for intermittent androgen suppression, a form of hormone therapy where the treatment is intermittent; it is started and stopped and started again.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for intermittent combined hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for Intermittent Hormone Therapy; the starting and stopping of treatment.


definition_memo:
A process that measures and identifies a specific biological substance such as an antigen.


definition_memo:
(1) a device which is inserted into the body in order to replace or substitute for an ability which has been lost; for example, a penile implant is a device which can be surgically inserted into the penis to provide rigidity for intercourse; (2) a radioactive source in a small holder that is placed in the body or in or near a cancer.. (NCI)

more_info_url_text:
There is a large section here at Phoenix5 about penile implants.


definition_memo:
The inability to have or to maintain an erection; may effect the libido or desire for sex; also known as erectile dysfunction (ED).


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for intensity modulated radiation therapy; similar to 3DEBRT, IMRT is a form of conformal radiation therapy but the beam intensity is varied (modulated) across the treatment field. Rather than being treated with a single, large, uniform beam, the patient is treated instead with many very small beams; each can have a different intensity.

more_info_url_text:
See 3DEBRT, conformal radiation therapy.


definition_memo:
Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). There are various kinds, degrees and causes of incontinence, e.g., it can occur when there is increased pressure upon the bladder, as in coughing or straining to lift heavy objects. There are simple exercises designed to improve the controlling muscles, such as  Kegel exercises


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for Investigational New Drug, a status given by the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research to drugs being tested.

more_info_url_text:
See the Links section where there is a link to the FDA Web site.


definition_memo:
a hormone that helps the body use glucose (sugar) for energy


definition_memo:
Similar to 3DEBRT, IMRT is a form of conformal radiation therapy but the beam intensity is varied (modulated) across the treatment field. Rather than being treated with a single, large, uniform beam, the patient is treated instead with many very small beams; each can have a differentintensity.


definition_memo:
Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue.


definition_memo:
A form of radiation delivery that involves direct implantation of radioactive substances into the prostate; also called brachytherapy, seed implantation (SI) or seeding.


definition_memo:
Within the layer of cells that forms the surface or lining of an organ


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for interstitial radiation therapy or brachytherapy.

more_info_url_text:
See interstitial radiation therapy, brachytherapy.


definition_memo:
The International Union Against Cancer, which worked with the American Joint Committee on Cancer to update the TNM system of staging in 1997.

more_info_url_text:
See American Joint Committee on Cancer, conformal radiation therapy, TNM staging system.


definition_memo:
One of the team of Whitmore-Jewett for which a staging system is named.


definition_memo:
These are simple exercises one can do even while sitting, to strengthen pelvic muscles.

more_info_url_text:
See the articles on Kegel exerciess at this site..


definition_memo:
White blood cells that attack tumor cells and body cells that have been invaded by foreign substances. (CNet)


definition_memo:
A technique which allows the physician to observe internal organs directly through a piece of optical equipment inserted directly into the body through a small surgical incision


definition_memo:
A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs that are used to block hormone production in the testicles. Lupron is a US brand.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for  luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.


definition_memo:
Slang for an Internet email list or mailing list.


definition_memo:
A US trade or brand name of leuprolide acetate; a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or LHRH.


definition_memo:
The pituitary hormone that causes the testicles in men and ovaries in women to manufacture hormones; also called a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or LHRH.


definition_memo:
A hormone that controls the production of sex hormones in men and women. (CNet) In men it is responsible for stimulating the production of testosterone in the body; LHRH can be synthetically produced (analog) to do just the opposite (an antagonist), to suppress the testicular production of testosterone, e.g., Zoladex or Lupron are two US brands.

more_info_url_text:
See testosterone, analog, antagonist, hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
The almost colorless fluid that bathes body tissues and is found in the lymphatic vesselsthat drain the tissues of the fluid that filters across the blood vessel walls from blood. Lymph carries lymphocytes (white blood cells) that have entered the lymph nodes from the blood. (OMD) Also known as lymphatic fluid.


definition_memo:
The small glands which occur throughout the body and which filter the clear fluid known as lymph or lymphatic fluid


definition_memo:
(lim-FAT-ik) The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Stages of prostate cancer according to the TNM scale. M concerns metastasis.

more_info_url_text:
See staging, metastases.. The full chart of all stages will be found at this site.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for maximal androgen blockade, one of the names for a form of hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
On the Internet, it usually refers to a group of people who share a common interest and, by subscribing to the list, can send mail to the entire list and get mail from others who send (post) to it. Also called a list.

more_info_url_text:
For more information and some of the lists concerning prostate cancer, see MAILING LISTS at this site.


definition_memo:
Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. (CNet)


definition_memo:
A diagnostic indication that disease may develop. PSA is one of the main markers in prostate cancer detection. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Known as MUSE, it is a small pellet that is pushed into the tip of the penis with a small, specially-designed plunger, to cause an erection. The active ingredient is alprostadil,

more_info_url_text:
See alprostadil. There is a section at Phoenix5 that shows the applicator.


definition_memo:
(anatomy) the inner portion of a structure


definition_memo:
(meh-TAS-ta-sis): The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another by way of the lymph system, blood stream or direct extension. Cells in the metastatic (secondary) tumor are the same type as those in the original (primary) tumor. Plural is metastases. (CNet) Slang (noun) ''mets.''

more_info_url_text:
More informaiton is at this site about bone metastases.


definition_memo:
Having the characteristics of a secondary tumor; see metastasis. Metastatic cancer is cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. (CNet)

more_info_url_text:
See metastasis.
More informaiton is at this site about bone metastases.


definition_memo:
An over-the-counter supplement that is usually used for relief of pain from arthritis, back pain or muscle pain.


definition_memo:
A diseased condition or state, the incidence of a disease or of all diseases in a population


definition_memo:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging; a technique allowing sophisticated vertical, cross-sectional, and even three-dimensional images of organs inside the body based on the electromagnetic properties of different atomic particles as opposed to x-rays


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for Methyl Sulfonyl Methane, an over-the-counter supplement that is usually used for relief of pain from arthritis, back pain or muscle pain.


definition_memo:
Acronym for Medicated Urethral System for Erection, a brand name. The active ingredient is alprostadil, a small pellet that is pushed into the tip of the penis with a small, specially-designed plastic plunger, to cause an erection.


definition_memo:
Lowest point reached, e.g. in a PSA scoring over a period of time. The lowest number would be the nadir.


definition_memo:
A nanogram is one billionth of a gram. There are 24 grams in an ounce.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for the National Institutes of Health, a group of US institutes and related support structures located in Bethesda, Maryland, that is part of the United States Public Health Service. Responsible for funding basic and applied research in the health field.


definition_memo:
That branch of the US National Institute of Health  concerned with cancer. Their Web site has extensive information about all forms of cancer and treatment options.

more_info_url_text:
The NCI site is at the Phoenix5 Web Sites and Links Page.


definition_memo:
In the US, stands for new drug application.


definition_memo:
The normal death and degeneration of cells without losing any continuity in the function, e.g, skin. Cancer cells avoid this process. May also be called apoptosis. Compare to necrosis


definition_memo:
Death of cells or tissues through injury or disease, especially in a localized area of the body. (DCom) Compare to necrobiosis.


definition_memo:
Not affirming the presence of the condition in question, e.g., a negative diagnosis


definition_memo:
Done or added before the primary treatment; for example, neoadjuvant hormone therapy could be given prior to another form of treatment such as a radical prostatectomy. Compare to adjuvant.

more_info_url_text:
See adjuvant, hormone therapy, prostatectomy.


definition_memo:
Any of a group of substances produced by specialized cells (neurosecretory cells) structurally typical of the nervous, rather than of the endocrine, system, but that serve as a link between the two systems.


definition_memo:
Originating in the nervous system, as opposed to psychogenic, originating in the mind.


definition_memo:
Meaning it pertains to the nervous system, e.g., a constant twitch could be a neurologic problem


definition_memo:
Pertains to both the neurologic and vascular systems or structures.


definition_memo:
(NEE-o-PLAY-zha): abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth


definition_memo:
In cancer surgery, a technique during a prostatectomy where one or both of the neurovascular bundles controlling erections are spared. The utilization of this procedure is governed by the extent of the cancer and the skill of the surgeon.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for neoadjuvant hormone blockade/treatment, a name for a hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
An antiandrogen; Nilandron and Anandron are two brand names. They are used in hormone therapy


definition_memo:
Acronym for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used that relieves pain and suppresses inflammation in a manner similar to steroids, but without the side effects of steroids. Examples are Celebrex or Ibuprofen or even ordinary aspirin.


definition_memo:
A coined word, crossing the words ''nutritional'' and ''pharmaceutical'' and generally coming to mean any nutritional supplement designed for any specific clinical purpose(s). Due to US regulations, clinical or medical claims cannot be made for them. Thus, all are functionally (legally) on the market as foods for general consumption (or ''health foods'') to be used as ''supplements'' to nutrition (diet). Medical doctors frequently utilize these and other nutritional supplements in a myriad of clinical settings.


definition_memo:
Acronym at this site for CancerWeb's On-Line Medical Dictionary.


definition_memo:
A physician who specializes in the treatment of various types of cancer


definition_memo:
The surgical removal of one or both testes (testicles); a subcapsular orchiectomy is where the contents of one or both testicles is removed but the testicular capsule is then closed and remains in the scrotum. Abbr: orchy


definition_memo:
The highest point of sexual excitement, characterized by strong feelings of pleasure and marked normally by ejaculation of semen by the male and by vaginal contractions in the female. Also called climax. (DCom)


definition_memo:
A category created by US FDA for medications used to treat diseases that occur rarely (less than 200,000 cases) or that there is no hope for recovery of development costs, so there is little financial incentive for industry to develop them. Orphan drug status gives the manufacturer specific financial incentives to provide the drug. Orphan drugs are controlled by the FDA's Office of Orphan Products Development (OOPD). .

more_info_url_text:
To access the FDA site, go to the Web Sites and Links Page


definition_memo:
Relating to, based on, using, or being a theory according to which disease and especially mental illness may be cured by restoring the optimum amounts of substances normally present in the body


definition_memo:
Cells which aid the growth and development of teeth and bones. (OMD) Compare to osteoclast.


definition_memo:
A cell that actively reabsorbs bone. (DCom) Compere to osteoblast.


definition_memo:
(OSS-tee-oh-pa-ROW-sis) A condition that is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, causing bones to become fragile. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Designed to produce relief from symptoms without curing, e.g., aspirin for a headache is palliative


definition_memo:
Capable of being felt during a physical examination by a physician; e.g., when the prostate which can be felt during a digital rectal examination.

more_info_url_text:
A drawing of how the digital rectum exam is conducted is at this site.


definition_memo:
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (FOS-fa-tays): an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amount in men who have prostate cancer


definition_memo:
(pa-PAV-uh-reen) a drug which causes blood vessels to expand, thereby increasing blood flow. When papaverine is injected into the penis, it produces an erection by increasing blood flow to the penis. A US brand name is Pavarine. When used in conjunction with phentolamine, it is usually called a ''bi-mix.''.


definition_memo:
These are tables constructed on the basis of the PSA, stage, grade and surgical findings of over 4,000 men. The tables are used to predict the probability that the prostate cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, seminal vesicles, penetrated the capsule or remains confined to the prostate. They were initially developed by a group of urologists at the Brady Institute for Urology at Johns Hopkins University. They are called ''Partin tables'' after just one of the original contributors to this research..


definition_memo:
A physician who specializes in the examination of tissues and blood samples to help decide what diseases are present and therefore how they should be treated


definition_memo:
The Prostate Cancer Intimacy mailing list.

more_info_url_text:
For more information, see MAILING LISTS at this site..


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for poorly differentiated, referring to cells.


definition_memo:
Anatomy. Pelvic pertains to the pelvis, the ring of bones forming a bowl in which the digestive organs are housed and to which the thigh bones are attached, at the hips. Also known as the pelvic cavity. (Harcourt rev.)


definition_memo:
The part of a male's body which is used for urinating and in sexual activity.

more_info_url_text:
See the diagram of the male reproductive system at this site.


definition_memo:
Of or pertaining to the perineum, the area of the body between the scrotum and the rectum. .

more_info_url_text:
For a drawing, see the diagram of the male reproductive and urinary system


definition_memo:
The area of the body between the scrotum and the anus.


definition_memo:
Positron Emission Tomography scan. A computerized image of the metabolic activity of the body tissues used to determine the presence of disease. (NCI) A scanning device which uses low-dose radioactive sugar to measure brain activity. (OMD)


definition_memo:
Phase I in a clinical trial is  the first step in testing a new treatment in humans. These studies test the best way to give a new treatment (for example, by mouth, intravenous infusion, or injection), and the best dose. The dose is usually increased a little at a time in order to find the highest dose that does not cause harmful side effects. Because little is known about the possible risks and benefits of treatments being tested, phase I trials usually include only a small number of patients, who have not been helped by other treatments. (CNet) These first studies in people evaluate how a new drug should be given (by mouth, injected into the blood, or injected into the muscle), how often, and what dose is safe. A Phase I trial usually enrolls only a small number of patients, sometimes as few as a dozen.


definition_memo:
Phase II in a (cancer) clinical  trial tests whether a new treatment has an anticancer effect, for example, whether it shrinks a tumor or improves blood test results, and whether it works against a certain type of cancer. (CNet) A phase II trial continues to test the safety of the drug, and begins to evaluate how well the new drug works. Phase II studies usually focus on a particular type of cancer.


definition_memo:
Phase III in a clinical trial compares the results of people taking a new treatment with results of people taking standard treatment, for example, which group has better survival rates or fewer side effects. In most cases, studies move into phase III trials only after a treatment seems to work in phases I and II. Phase III trials may include hundreds of people. (CNet) These studies test a new drug, a new combination of drugs, or a new surgical procedure in comparison to the current standard for treatment. A participant will usually be assigned to the standard treatment group or the new treatment group at random (called randomization). Phase III trials often enroll large numbers of people and may be conducted at many doctors' offices, clinics, and cancer centers nationwide.


definition_memo:
Once a treatment has been approved and is being marketed, it is studied in a phase IV trial to evaluate side effects of the new treatment that were not apparent in the phase III trial. Thousands of people are involved in a phase IV trial. (CNet)


definition_memo:
(fen-TOLE-a-meen) Given by injection, it causes blood vessels to expand, thereby increasing blood flow. When injected into the penis , it increases blood flow to the penis,which results in an erection. When used in combination with papaverine it is called a ''bimix.'' When prostaglandin E-1 is added it is called a ''trimix.''

more_info_url_text:
See papaverine, Prostaglandin E-1, bi-mix, trimix. There is a section at this site dealing with injections.


definition_memo:
Prostate Help Mailing List run by Don Cooley. .


definition_memo:
An inactive substance that looks the same as, and is administered inthe same way as, a drug in a clinical trial. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Referring to progesterone or to a pharmaceutical preparation with similar properties. (Harcourt)


definition_memo:
The female steroid hormone that is secreted by the ovary and stimulates changes in the the uterus in preparation for the implantation of the fertilized egg; produced by the placenta in large quantities during pregnancy. (Harcourt)


definition_memo:
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia or Prostatic Intraductal Neoplasia; a pre-malignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium (the thin tissue that covers the prostate gland) regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma; called dysplasia by some.


definition_memo:
A particle found in the bloodstream that binds at the site of a wound to begin the blood clotting process. Platelets are formed in bone marrow.


definition_memo:
Having a value greater than zero, indicating existence or presence of a condition, organism.


definition_memo:
A persistent abnormal erection that is usually with no sexual desire; it is unwanted and lasts for longer than several hours and may be accompanied by pain and tenderness; needs medical attention as the condition if continued can harm or destroy erectile tissues.


definition_memo:
The patient's potential clinical outlook based on the status and probable course of his disease


definition_memo:
Continuing growth or regrowth of the cancer


definition_memo:
Brand name of a drug using finasteride that reportedly shrinks the prostate gland in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.

more_info_url_text:
See finasteride, benign prostatic hyperplasia.


definition_memo:
A relaxant found in an injectable form of alprostadil that is used to produce erections. Originally marketed under the name Caverject. May be combined into a bimix or trimix. (Another form of alprostadil is MUSE which is inserted as a small pellet into the end of the penis.)


definition_memo:
Aradiolabeled antibody that attaches itself to lesions is injected and then a scan done.


definition_memo:
A walnut-sized gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder. Its main function is to supply fluid for the sperm during ejaculation.


definition_memo:
(pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee): an operation to remove part or all of the prostate. A radical prostatectomy (RP) is the removal of the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it


definition_memo:
Of or pertaining to the prostate gland. (OMD/Webster's)


definition_memo:
A symptom resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra, due most commonly to hyperplasia of the prostate; results in urinary difficulties and, occasionally, urinary retention.

more_info_url_text:
See urethra, hyperplasia. See also a diagram showing how the urethra passes through the prostate.


definition_memo:
Infection or inflammation of the prostate gland that may result in urinary difficulties.

more_info_url_text:
See a diagram showing how the urethra passes through the prostate.


definition_memo:
Any of a group of complex organic compounds widely distributed in plants and animals Proteins are the principal constituent of the protoplasm of all cells and are essential to life. (Harcourt)


definition_memo:
A complex protein made by the prostate gland in response to the presence of foreign materials. It is measured via a blood sample to help detect potential problems in the prostate gland. PSA exists in two forms in the blood, either bound to protein or unbound (''free''). As with cholesterol testing, scientists have found it meaningful to measure these different forms for better risk predictions.

more_info_url_text:
See antigen, protein, prostate gland, For a longer explanation, see essays on PSA at Phoenix5.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for Protein Specific Antigen, it is a complex protein made by the prostate gland in response to the presence of foreign materials. It is measured via a blood sample to help detect potential problems in the prostate gland. PSA exists in two forms in the blood, either bound to protein or unbound (''free''). As with cholesterol testing, scientists have found it meaningful to measure these different forms for better risk predictions.


definition_memo:
Produced or caused by psychological or mental factors rather than organic factors. Compare to neurogenic.


definition_memo:
Of or relating to the pubis, either of the two bones forming the frontal arch of the pelvis.


definition_memo:
Either of the two bones forming the frontal arch of the pelvis. The ''pubic area'' gains its name from those bones.


definition_memo:
The overall enjoyment of life. Many clinical trials measure aspects of a person's sense of well-being and ability to perform various tasks in order to assess the effects that cancer and its treatment have on the person.(CNet) Sometimes abbreviated QOL or QL.


definition_memo:
(pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee) Surgery to remove the entire prostate gland. The two types of radical prostatectomy are retropubic prostatectomy (through an incision made in the abdominal wall) and radical perineal prostatectomy (through an incision made between the scrotum and the anus, the latter also known as an RPP.

more_info_url_text:
See radical,  prostate gland. For an illustration of the location of the gland, see  illustration.


definition_memo:
Producing an image by radiation other than visible light, e.g., x-rays of one's teeth is done by radiography.


definition_memo:
To mark or label a substance with radioactivity, e.g., certain imaging methods require the injection of radiolabeled substances.


definition_memo:
The use of x-rays and other forms of radiation in an attempt to destroy malignant cells and tissue. There are various forms or methods, most now conducted with computers.


definition_memo:
The lowest end of the bowels down which excrement travels before leaving the body through the anus


definition_memo:
Cells specialized for oxygen transport. (OMD)


definition_memo:
Not yielding or responding to therapy; e.g., hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) is a prostate cancer that is or has become  resistant to forms of hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement


definition_memo:
Decrease in the extent or size of cancer


definition_memo:
Disappearance of the signs and symptoms of cancer. When this happens, the disease is said to be ''in remission.'' A remission may be temporary or permanent.


definition_memo:
An instrument inserted through the urethra and used by a urologist to cut out tissue (usually from the prostate) while the physician can actually see precisely where he is cutting.


definition_memo:
Of urine; difficulty in urinating fully or the inability to completely empty the bladder


definition_memo:
Using X-rays to produce a roentgenogram or a photo or image made with x-rays; also called radiography.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for radical perineal prostatectomy, where the prostate is removed through an incision made between the scrotum and the anus.

more_info_url_text:
See perineal, radical, prostatectomy. For an illustration of the male genital area, click here.


definition_memo:
A bag-shaped, soft-walled pouch, cavity, or indentation within a plant or animal body. (Harcourt)


definition_memo:
Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. (CNet)


definition_memo:
The pouch of skin beneath the penis containing the testicles.

more_info_url_text:
See illustration of the male reproductive and urinary systems at this site.


definition_memo:
Brachytherapy; the implantation of radioactive seeds or pellets (may also be called ''capsules'') which emit low energy radiation in order to kill surrounding tissue, e.g., the prostate, including prostate cancer cells. Also known as ''seed implantation'' or ''SI''.

more_info_url_text:
See  photo of sample seeds is at this site.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Ends Results Program that maintains statistics on cancer in the US. It is part of the National Cancer Institute.


definition_memo:
The fluid that is released through the penis during orgasm. Semen is made up of sperm from the testicles and fluid from the prostate and other sex glands. (CNet)


definition_memo:
The seminal vesicles are glands at the base of the bladder and connected to the prostate that provide nutrients for the semen.

more_info_url_text:
A drawing showing the location of the seminal vesicles in relation to the bladder and prostate gland is available at this site.


definition_memo:
When prostate cancer cells have invaded the seminal vesicle(s)

more_info_url_text:
See seminal vesicles. A drawing showing the location of the seminal vesicles is available at this site.


more_info_url_text:
See seeding. A  photo of sample seeds is at this site.


definition_memo:
Problems that occur when treatment affects healthy cells. Common side effects of cancer treatment are fatigue, nausea, vomiting, decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores. (CNet)


definition_memo:
The active ingredient of Viagra, which is used to produce erections.


definition_memo:
A large organ to the left of the stomach and below the diaphragm, serving to store blood, disintegrate old blood cells, filter foreign substances from the blood, and produce lymphocytes (white blood cells). (DCom)


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for serum testosterone, another name for testosterone


definition_memo:
A term used to define the size and physical extent of a cancer; staging is the process of assigning a stage to a particular cancer in a specific patient in light of all the available information.

more_info_url_text:
See Prostate Cancer Stages at this site with a comparative table.


definition_memo:
Cells that have the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. The ultimate stem cell might be a fertilized egg capable of producing the entire organism.


definition_memo:
Any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organs, (WordNet) Testosterone and estrogen are steroids, synthetic steroids are used for treatment but might have undesirable side-effects.


definition_memo:
Meaning, under the capsule; for example, a subcapsular orchiectomy is an operation in which the contents of each testicle is removed but the testicular capsules are then closed and remain in the scrotum

more_info_url_text:
See capsule, orchiectomy, testicals, scrotum.


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for Seminal Vesicle Invasion or Involvement; prostate cancer cells have invaded the seminal vesicle(s)


definition_memo:
(sis-TEM-ik): Affecting the entire body. (CNet)


definition_memo:
Abbreviation for Total Androgen Blockade, another name for a form of  hormone therapy


definition_memo:
Male reproductive glands located inside the scrotum behind and below the penis, which produce sperm and are the primary source of the male hormone testosterone. Medically called ''testes.'' (Singular is testis.)

more_info_url_text:
See testosterone. Also see illustration of the male reproductive and urinary system at this site.


definition_memo:
Medical term for testicle (singular). One of two male reproductive glands located inside the scrotum behind and below the penis, which produce sperm and are the primary source of the male hormone testosterone. Plural is ''testes.''


definition_memo:
(tes-TOS-ter-own): The hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics; it is believed to comprise about 90 percent of the androgens in a man's body; abbreviated T.


definition_memo:
Usually refers to Triple Hormonal Blockade. May also mean Total Hormonal Blockade. Both are forms of hormone therapy.


definition_memo:
TNM stands for Tumor, Nodes, Metastases, a 1992 cancer staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union Against Cancer that was updated in 1997.

more_info_url_text:
See the comparative table of staging at this site..


definition_memo:
A procedure where internal body images at a predetermined plane are recorded by means of the tomograph, a computer-driven device that builds the image from multiple x-ray measurements; also called body section roentgenography. Tomography is used in CAT scan and PET scan.

more_info_url_text:
See roentgenography, CAT scan, PET scan.


definition_memo:
May be abbreviated THB which usually means ''Triple Hormonal Blockade." Both are forms of hormone therapy..


definition_memo:
A method of imaging the prostate by inserting an ultrasound probe into the rectum; commonly used to visualize prostate biopsy procedures.

more_info_url_text:
See ultrasound, biopsy. A video is available at Phoenix5 that includes this procedure, including showing the computer screen. You can see a frame from the video and red about the video first.


definition_memo:
Surgery performed on the prostate with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called a transurethral resection of the prostate or TURP or merely a transsectional rection (TUR).


definition_memo:
Surgery performed on the prostate gland with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. (CNet)  Also called a transurethral prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate or TURP.


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Abbreviation for TransRectal UltraSound, a method of imaging the prostate gland by inserting an ultrasound probe into the rectum; commonly used to visualize prostate biopsy procedures. May also be called a TRUSP, or TransRectal UltraSound of the Prostate.


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Abbreviation for TransRectal UltraSound of the Prostate, a method of imaging the prostate gland by inserting an ultrasound probe into the rectum; commonly used to visualize prostate biopsy procedures. May also be called a TRUS, or TransRectal UltraSound.


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Referring to three drugs that are mixed for injection into the penis to produce an erection and usually refers to a mixture of papaverine, phentolamine and prostaglandin E-1.

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See papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin. For more information, go to the section on injections ar this site.


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A form of combined hormonal blockade (CHB), it is the use of three medications in hormone therapy.


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Tumor (TOO-mer): An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division. Tumors perform no useful body function. They may be either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). (CNet)


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A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Example of tumor markers is PSA for prostate cancer. Also called biomarker. (CNet)


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Abbreviation for TransUrethral Resection of the Prostate or TransUrethral Prostatectomy; the surgical removal of the prostate gland; it is performed through the urethral canal of the penis using a resectoscope

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See urethra, resection, prostatectomy, resectoscope.


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Abbreviation for urinalysis, an analysis of the urine.


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A set of sound waves at a particular frequency which can be used to image internal organs (e.g., a baby in the womb) and used to image the prostate gland..


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The duct that drains urine from the bladder and out the penis, Not to be confused with the ureter, which carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.The urethra passes through the prostate gland.

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An illustration to show the organs  is available at this site.


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The duct that carries urine from each kidney to the bladder. Not to be confused with the urethra, the tube that carries it from the bladder and out through the penis.


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The chemical and microscopic analysis of the urine for diagnostic purpose. (Webster's)


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The liquid emitted by the kidneys, accumulated in the bladder, and passed through the urethra to the outside of the body. (CNet)

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An illustration of these body parts is available at this site.


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A national prostate cancer support group.

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A link to US TOO can be found at this site at  SUPPORT GROUPS.


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Abbreviation for Urinary Tract Infection; an infection identifiable by the presence of bacteria (or theoretically viruses) in the urine; may be associated with fever or a burning sensation while urinating


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The now-generic name for a device that creates an erection with vacuum. It is usually a hard, plastic device placed over the penis and a vacuum is then created by a manual or battery-driven  pump, bringing blood into the penis. Also called vacuum erection therapy.

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Illustrations are available from the VED menu at this site.


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(vas-EK-toe-mee) An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes [vas deferens] that carry sperm out of the testicles. (CNet)

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See the illustration of the male sexual and urinary system at this site.


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The tube or duct through which sperm travel from the testes to the prostate prior to ejaculation.


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A drug which cause blood vessels to expand, thereby increasing blood flow. Vasodilators are used in Viagra and other drugs (e.g., trimix) to cause erections.


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Abbreviation for Vacuum Erection Device, the now-generic name for a device that creates an erection with vacuum. It is usually a hard, plastic device placed over the penis and a vacuum is then created by a manual or battery-driven  pump, bringing blood into the penis. Also called vacuum erection therapy.


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A prescription drug made by Pfizer that became the most popular oral medication for creating erections. The active ingredient is sildenafil citrate.


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The person's condition is closely monitored, but treatment does not begin until symptoms appear or change. (CNet)


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Abbreviation for well-differentiated, referring to the differention of cells for staging.


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The cells which circulate in the blood and lymphatic system and harbor in the lymph glands and spleen. They are part of the immune system responsible for attacking foreign invaders of the body. (OMD)


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A popular staging classification of extent of prostate cancer disease that was created in 1975 and since modified by the AJCC and IUAC to include subcategories. Sometimes called the Jewett System.

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See staging, AJCC, IUAC.
For more information and a comparative table, see Prostate Cancer Stages at this site.


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Abbreviation for Watchful Waiting, when the person's condition is closely monitored, but treatment does not begin until symptoms appear or change. (CNet)


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Abbreviation for eXternal Beam Radiation Therapy.


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(yo-HIM-bean) Originally an African herb from trees (Corynanthe yohimbe), it increases flow of blood to the penis. There are several US brand names of yohimbine hydrochloride as well as generic tablets.


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Trade or brand name for goserelin acetate, an LHRH used in hormone therapy

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See goserelin, LHRH, hormone therapy</a.>.


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In medicine, to remove the root of a disease or all diseased tissue, e.g., radical surgery. (Webster's)


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Medical term for testicles (plural). The two male reproductive glands located inside the scrotum behind and below the penis, which produce sperm and are the primary source of the male hormone testosterone. Singular is ''testis.''


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In biochemistry. any of various drugs or other substances that block chemical activity at the alpha receptors, sites that respond to adrenaline-like substances. (Harcourt)


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A man-made compound similar to one manufactured by the body. There are also antiandrogen analogs. Also spelled analogue..


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A brand name for nilutamide, sold in the US and Canada.


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A class of male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and the testes and includes testosterone.

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See adrenal cortex, testes, testosterone. An illlustration showing the location of these glands is available at Phoenix5.


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The watery portion of certain animal fluids, as blood, milk, etc. (Webster's)


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Abbreviation for the (US) Food and Drug Administration.


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Stages of prostate cancer according to the TNM scale. T concerns the primary turmor.

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See TNM staging, primary tumor. Also see Prostate Cancer Stages at this site with a comparative table for all stages.


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A large branch of the US government that inclues the US Surgeon General and many other medically-oriented branches.


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Referring to a type of radiation treatment administered internally in which the radioactive source is removed between treatments. May be called high dose-reate remove brachytherapy or high dose-rate remote radiation.


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Meaning reduction of. The word appears in prostate cancer therapies such as hormonal ablation therapy (to reduce the testosterone through hormones) and cryoablation (a form of cryosurgery where deep freezing is meant to reduce the number of live prostate cancer cells.)


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Adjuvant is to help or assist. (WordNet) Adjuvant therapy is treatment given in addition to and after the primary treatment to make it work better.


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(AD-in-o-kar-sin-O-ma) Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and that have glandular (secretory) properties. (CNet) Almost all prostate cancers are adenocarcinoma.


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An infection identifiable by the presence of bacteria (or theoretically viruses) in the urine; may be associated with fever or a burning sensation while urinating


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Propagation of energy through space. It may be done by electromagnetic radiation (such as X-rays) or subatomic radiation (electrons, protons, neutrons) for the purpose of producing an image. (Adapted from NCI.)


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Stages of prostate cancer according to the TNM scale. N concerns the lymph nodes.

more_info_url_text:
See TNM staging, lymphatic system. Also see Prostate Cancer Stages at this site with a comparative table for all stages.


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The acronym given to a staging method that stands for ''tumors, (lymph) nodes and metastasis.


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Abbreviation for 3-Dimensional eXternal Beam Radiation Treatment/Therapy.


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Abbreviation for Computerized Axial Tomography.


